Observational Studies

Observational studies are a type of study design in which researchers observe and measure the characteristics and behaviors of a group of individuals without manipulating any variables. These studies are often used in epidemiology, social sciences, and healthcare research to investigate the relationship between risk factors and health outcomes. Observational studies can be either prospective or retrospective, depending on whether data is collected in real-time or after the fact. They can also be either cross-sectional or longitudinal, depending on whether data is collected at a single point in time or over a period of time. Observational studies are useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential risk factors, but they cannot establish causality. Therefore, researchers must be cautious when interpreting the results of observational studies.
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