Integrated Circuit
An integrated circuit (IC) is a miniaturized electronic circuit consisting of active and passive components (transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors) fabricated on a single semiconductor substrate. ICs are the building blocks of modern electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and IoT devices. ICs can be classified into two categories: analog and digital. Analog ICs process continuous signals, such as sound and light, while digital ICs process discrete signals, such as binary code. ICs have revolutionized the electronics industry by enabling the production of smaller, faster, and more reliable devices. The development of ICs has also led to the creation of new fields of study, such as VLSI design and microelectronics.
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