Hash Tables

Hash tables are a data structure that allows for efficient insertion, deletion, and retrieval of key-value pairs. They work by using a hash function to map keys to indices in an array, where the corresponding values are stored. The hash function takes the key as input and outputs an index in the array. Ideally, the hash function should distribute keys evenly across the array to minimize collisions, which occur when two keys map to the same index. In the case of a collision, a common approach is to use a linked list to store multiple key-value pairs at the same index. Hash tables have an average time complexity of O(1) for insertion, deletion, and retrieval, making them a popular choice for implementing associative arrays, symbol tables, and databases.
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